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Genetically modified rice
Genetically modified rice are types of rice that have been genetically modified (also called genetic engineering) for agricultural purposes. The rice genome is usually modified using particle bombardment via the use of a gene gun or more commonly, a process known as agrobacterium mediated transformation. Rice plants can be modified in DNA to be herbicide resistant, resist pests, increase grain size, generate nutrients, flavours or even produce human proteins. The natural movement of genes across species, often called horizontal gene transfer or lateral gene transfer, can also occur with rice through gene transfer mediated by natural vectors. Some examples of such natural transgenic events in plants through movement of natural mobile DNAs called MULEs between rice and ''Setaria'' millet have been identified. The cultivation and use of genetically modified varieties of rice is however controversial and not legal in some countries.
==Background==
Scientists are genetically modifying rice for several purposes, claiming to make rice resistant to herbicides, diseases, and pests, producing human blood protein, increasing yield; improving tolerance to drought and salinity; and enhancing nitrogen use efficiency, while at the same time increasing nutritional value and decreasing the number of occurrences of rice allergies.
In 2000, the first two GM rice varieties both with herbicide-resistance, called LLRice60 and LLRice62, were approved in the United States. Later, these and other types of herbicide-resistant GM rice were approved in Canada, Australia, Mexico, and Colombia. However, none of these approvals resulted in commercialization.〔(GM Crop Database of the Center for Environmental Risk Assessment ), (LLRICE06, LLRICE62).〕 Reuters reported in 2009 that China had granted biosafety approval to GM rice with pest resistance,〔(China gives safety approval to GMO rice ), Reuters, 27 November 2009.〕 but it hasn't been commercialized either. As of December 2012 GM rice had not yet become widely available for production or consumption.〔(The state of play: genetically modified rice ), Rice Today, Jan-Mar 2012.〕 A 2013 article calculated that the annual global value of future developments of genetically engineered rice to be US$64 billion. They argued that since rice is a staple crop for a large number of very poor people in the world, this has enormous potential for alleviating hunger, malnutrition and poverty.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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